I

pron. The nominative pronoun referring to one,s self. n. In William James,s psychology, the a...

n. A hallucinogenic drug found in the root of Tabernanthe iboga, an African forest plant. It is a...

n. Abbreviation for the International Classification of Diseases, which is an official taxonomy o...

n. In statistics, a graphical representation of the results of a cluster analysis in successive s...

n. 1. In cognitive psychology, a hypothesized very brief memory store for visual information whic...

n. In cognitive psychology, the storage of information as a virtual image in the mind.

n. In cognitive psychology, a hypothesized very brief memory store for visual information which c...

n. The basic inherited motivations of the organism. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id is p...

n. 1. In philosophy, any approach in which either some universal or mental idea is more basic or ...

n. 1. A conception of the way one would like to be, as contrasted with the way one believes onese...

n. A theoretical observer in signal detection theory who has complete knowledge and responds with...

n. Self-guides are self-directive standards. These self-directive standards are a major source of...

n. A belief that random events or actions are meaningfully related to oneself or caused by others...

n. Two children born as the result of a splitting of a single zygote in the mother's womb, who, c...

n. Identity is a catchall-phrase used throughout the social sciences to refer to the way individu...

n. A state of uncertainty about one’s role, purpose, and meaning in life which is typical of adol...

n. A situation in when an individual is not recognized as a member of a group with which he or sh...

n. A state of uncertainty about one's role, purpose, and meaning in life typical of adolescence, ...

n. 1. A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities or identitie...

n. The process of forming a stable sense of self, including commitment to social and sexual roles...

n. A form of materialism in which it is assumed that mental states are caused by and identical wi...

n. Erik Erikson's fifth of eight stages of psychosocial development, which occurs during the teen...

n. Idiocentrics are independent of groups (such as family, race, religion, tribe, social class) a...

n. A personality attribute commonly found in individualist cultures, which contrasts with allocen...

adj. Of or relating to psychological approaches in which the individual is the unit of analysis a...

n. Idiographic-nomothetic psychology can be thought of as divergent metatheoretical approaches to...

n. A mentally retarded or autistic person who has one area in which his or her abilities far surp...

n. 1. The Introversion-Extroversion Scale on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which attempts to e...

n. 1. The act that is inherent in making a statement, as opposed to the statement itself or the e...

n. 1. A perception of sensory information that is not inherent in the stimulus itself. 2. Any sti...

n. The illusion of control is an expectancy of personal success probability that is inappropriate...

n. Illusory correlation is the tendency to attribute an association erroneously between two stati...

n. Nonverbal behavior - especially gestures but also facial expressions - that serve to illustrat...

n. Any thinking that occurs without an internal sense of perception of the object(s) of thought.

n. 1. The process of creating internal experiences of sensory and particularly of visual percepti...

n. A tricyclic antidepressant which blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine a...

n. A hypothesized information store which is used as a work space for short-term storage of infor...

n. The substances, processes, and structures within the body that respond to antigens such as vir...

n. Any of a group of proteins synthesized by plasma cells derived from beta lymphocytes which act...

n. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is an indirect measure of thought and feeling. It measures...

n. Unlike explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes are evaluations of an object that exist outside ...

n. 1. The transfer of information through culturally defined selection of environments or conditi...

n. Learning from the environment rather than from what is being taught. Thus a child of highly pu...

n. Implicit memory, also known as indirect memory, is an unintentional and often unaware manifest...

n. Implicit personality theory (IPT) refers to laypersons' co-occurrence expectancies for traits ...

n. Prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and perhaps even outside conscious...

n. An unconscious evaluation of other people according to culturally defined standards that under...

n. A procedure in behavior therapy in which an individual is confronted with the thing he/ she fe...

n. A two-dimensional picture or drawing which uses visual cues to suggest an object with mutually...

n. 1. The persistent or recurrent inability to maintain an adequate penile erection for the compl...

n. The rapid process of creating an understanding of a situation, object, person, or group of per...

n. The process of attempting to control other people's attitudes or beliefs or perceptions of one...

n. In ethology, the process of learning to respond instinctively to a particular stimulus during ...

n. Any of a group of disorders that involve inability to control an impulse to act in a way that ...

n. A characteristic or trait in which the individual tends to act quickly on motives as they aris...

n. The mating of closely related couples or groups. This is associated with an increase in geneti...

n. 1. Impulse to act which results from external rewards for an act rather than inherent conseque...

n. Sexual interaction between close blood relatives that is prohibited by a culture and may or ma...

n. A name for the observation that all cultures have some rules against particular relatives' hav...

n. Learning that occurs while the organism is focused on some other activity. Also called latent ...

n. The degree to which the next generation includes the genes not only of an individual but of a ...

► See VALIDITY, INCREMENTAL

n. 1. The period or process of keeping eggs within the environmental conditions which allow the d...

n. A statistical procedure in which the ratio of variance within two different groups of subjects...

n. A self-image in which oneself as an individual with unique dispositions and history is emphasi...

n. A variable controlled or manipulated by an experimenter in order to observe the effect of the ...

n. 1. Categories of emotion that are specific to a particular culture and have no exact cultural ...

n. The methods and process of regaining health particular to a particular culture. Theories of il...

n. Any healing system within a particular culture such as acupuncture and the ayurvedic system of...

n. Enduring and pervading patterns of individual adjustment showing meaningful differences among ...

n. Indigenous psychology is a scientific approach that seeks to describe and explain culturally r...

n. A type of control in which one's agency is hidden or downplayed; people pretend they are not a...

n. Any speech act whose meaning does not appear explicitly in the verbal content of an utterance....

n. Measurable variance on any dimension among persons or organisms in a group.

n. A cultural pattern found in cultures that tend to be complex, modern, and tolerant of deviatio...

n. Any statistical or other procedure which uses single persons as a variable, as opposed to anal...

n. Individual psychology was developed in the early 1900s by Alfred Adler, who believed that huma...

n. 1. In Jungian theory, the process of selfrealization that accelerates in middle age in which a...

n. A delusion shared by two individuals. The individuals involved usually share a close relations...

n. 1. A form of logical reasoning in which general principles are inferred from multiple observat...

n. Logical inference using many instances to formulate a general rule.

n. The branch of psychology that studies humans in the workplace and attempts to apply general ps...

n. The branch of psychology that studies humans in the workplace and attempts to apply general ps...

n. Erik Erikson's fourth of eight stages of psychosocial development, which occurs during childho...

n. A name for the observation that most people have episodic memory that goes back to some point ...

n. A disorder of early childhood characterized by impaired social learning and communication, res...

n. Behavior, thought, or physical characteristics of infants in older children or adults.

n. 1. Any mental process which considers information and draws conclusions which are not in evide...

n. The branch of statistics concerned with using samples to draw conclusions about populations by...

n. Either of a pair of bumps on the midbrain lying behind the superior colliculi, which are the m...

n. 1. In Adlerian psychology, a combination of an erroneous belief of an individual that he/she i...

n. Temporal area situated below the middle temporal gyrus. It is also referred to as the inferior...

n. (IP) 1. A cognitive approach to psychology in which processes of the central nervous system ar...

n. 1. A cognitive approach to psychology in which processes of the central nervous system outside...

n. A theory of communication in which knowledge is broken down into bits, which are encoded, stor...

n. Voluntary agreement to participate, such as in a medical procedure or psychology experiment, a...

n. 1. The funnel-shaped stalk of the pituitary which connects to the hypothalamus, carrying fiber...

n. 1. Any group to which one belongs, which contrasts with other groups toward whom one tends to ...

n. Refers to any psychological process in which members of an in-group perform better than member...

n. The tendency to perceive members and things associated with groups to which one belongs in mor...

n. Any characteristic of the individual which is controlled or significantly affected by genetics...

n. 1. The act of restraining, stopping, repressing, decreasing, or preventing a process, idea, im...

n. In delay conditioning, the reduced magnitude of the conditioned response during the early part...

n. Inhibition of return (IOR) is the second of two effects generally observed in a cue-response p...

n. Interference in new conditioning caused by previous learning of similar material. Thus memoriz...

n. Interference in recalling old material or performing learned patterns of behavior caused by le...

n. In classical conditioning, when the unconditioned stimulus is paired with another stimulus les...

n. A hyperpolarizing potential in a postsynaptic neuron which decreases the likelihood that an ac...

n. In physiology, the idea that the existing level of a physiological system or variable will hav...

n. This is the third stage in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Here, the child is ab...

n. The act of pretending to be injured when one is not, in fact, injured. This strategy is often ...

n. Any test in which the subject is presented with inkblots and asked "What might this be?" The b...

adj. 1. Present at birth due to inherent or genetic factors. 2. In philosophy, a characteristic o...

n. In ethology, a control mechanism which initiates a complex sequence of behavior only when the ...

n. Third division of the ear (external or outer ear, middle ear, and inner or internal ear). The ...

n. A legal term usually denoting an incapacity to appreciate the illegality of an act or inabilit...

n. 1. A clear and deep understanding of anything. 2. The sudden appearance of a solution to a pro...

n. Learning that occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of mental elements so as to make a so...

n. A disorder of sleep characterized by an inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep, resultin...

n. A disorder of sleep characterized by an inability to fall asleep, resulting in fatigue suffici...

n. 1. In ethology, a specieswide and species- specific complex pattern of behavior of obvious sur...

n. Discrimination that occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization, or institution.

n. 1. In operant conditioning, behavior that is learned and elicited through reinforcement. 2. An...

n. A process of learning in which a behavior is learned by means of reward of that behavior or su...

n. A hormone synthesized in the pancreas which controls blood sugar level by making it easier for...

n. (IST) The intentional production of insulin coma and convulsions, which was sometimes used to ...

n. Within the psychological study of acculturation, and particularly the work ofJohn Berry, integ...

n. A set of abilities to adapt better to the environment through experience. The nature of these ...

n. The form of intelligence associated with previously learned material such as deductive reasoni...

n. The form of intelligence associated with learning new material, inductive reasoning, pattern d...

n. Originally it was the mental age as defined by a test divided by chronological age multiplied ...

n. Any test that claims to measure general abilities or capacity to learn. The best known intelli...

n. 1. A characteristic of a person’s actions involving motivation in the form of goals, desires o...

n. 1. A relationship of limited duration in which each party has an effect on the other. 2. In st...

n. In statistics, the situation in which the relationship between an independent variable and a d...

n. The degree of relationship between all possible pairings of variables in a list.

n. The process of adapting one's behavior when interacting with people in a culture different fro...

n. The degree to which a person has become comfortable when interacting with people in a culture ...

n. The process of accurately conveying human information between two or more persons with differe...

n. The ability to and effectively exchange information with a person or persons of another cultur...

n. The capacity to take the perspective of persons from other cultures so as to understand how th...

n. A self-image in which one's relationships with others define the self. This is opposed to an i...

n. 1. The reduction in learning or remembering caused by the learning or remembering of other inf...

n. Rewards which do not appear for every occurrence of a behavior that is rewarded. There are man...

n. An agenda of reinforcements in which not every occurrence of a target behavior is rewarded. Th...

Definition. n. When trying to explain a person's behavior (what is referred to in psychology as m...

n. The degree to which responses to different items in a test or scale are correlated with each o...

n. Another name for the inner ear, usually including the middle ear.

n. A 29-item forced-choice scale designed to measure the degree to which a person believes he/she...

n. 1. The process of taking ideas, behavior patterns, beliefs, and attitudes of other people and ...

n. Internal locus of control is the degree to which individuals expect that a reinforcement or an...

n. The degree to which responses to different items in a test or scale are correlated with each o...

► See also VALIDITY, INTERNAL

n. An official taxonomy of diseases compiled and published by the World Health Organization, whic...

n. Any neuron that connects other neurons, rather than being a sensory or effector neuron.

n. The process of perceiving the internal states of the body through bodily sense receptors.

n. Any sensory receptor within the body which transmits information about the body, such as blood...

n. The sense of liking and wanting to be close to another person. This may be based on a number o...

n. The transfer of information between people, especially of a personal nature. This includes non...

n. The range in a distribution of scores between the 25th and 75th percentiles.

n. The level of a test's measurement error attributed to differences in the ratings, scores, or o...

n. The state of possessing some characteristics of both sexes such as sex organs, sexual behavior...

n. The amount of time that elapses between the end of one stimulus and the beginning of the next ...

n. A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of Graafian follicles in ...

n. In operant conditioning, a schedule of rewards in which a reward is given at the end of each f...

n. A quantitative scale with magnitude and equal intervals but lacking an absolute zero. The lack...

n. A theoretical variable which affects the relationship between independent and dependent variab...

n. Erik Erikson's sixth of eight stages of psychosocial development, intimacy versus isolation, o...

n. The term intimate partner violence (WV) has superseded the term because it more accurately cha...

n. The intonation of an utterance is its tune or melody. Along with phrasing or rhythm, intonatio...

n. Transient alterations in mental and physiological functioning due to the presence of alcohol, ...

n. The saline solution which fills the interior of most cells.

n. The capacity to attend to and enjoy one's subjective reactions and experience including imagin...

adj. Of or relating to events, processes, or relationships within the individual person including...

adj. Of or relating to events or processes within the mind, including ideas, emotions, impulses, ...

n. The desire or impulse to engage in an activity for the satisfaction and fulfillment that deriv...

n. 1. In traditional psychoanalysis, the process of incorporating morals, ideas, attitudes, belie...

n. The process of examining one's own experience or mental processes. This has been both an exper...

n. The theory that introspection must be the primary experimental technique in psychology, which ...

n. 1. A basic attitude toward life in which the individual finds meaning and a sense of direction...

n. 1. A dimension of personality in which people who are shy, withdrawing, and tending to experie...

n. 1. An understanding derived neither from conscious reasoning nor in any obvious way from perce...

n. In Jungian psychology, the sort of person who emphasizes understanding in a holistic, instinct...

n. Any color whose perception is not easily affected by changes in level of illumination, that is...

n. 1. Any list of items intended to be exhaustive of a domain. 2. In psychometrics, a questionnai...

n. A reversal of the normal Oedipus situation so that a little boy desires the father and is jeal...

adj. Literally, "in glass," usually referring to a biological event occurring in the glass of a t...

adj. Literally, "in life," usually referring to the usual biological situation in which biologica...

n. A technique of behavioral therapy in which the client is intentionally exposed to anxiety evok...

n. An archaic term for a major depression occurring in middle age - during menopause for women - ...

n. Abbreviation of industrial/organizational, as in industrial/organizational psychology, the bra...

n. A charged particle that is often attached to an ion of an equal and opposite charge to form a ...

adj. Of or referring to the self. In personology, for example, ipsative studies compare the relat...

n. A means of measuring scale values that utilizes an individual,s own self-report responses and ...

adj. Of or relating to the same side of a body or a geometric figure.

n. Intelligence quotient. This was originally calculated as the mental age derived from a score o...

n. Any test of intellectual ability whose scores are reported as an intelligence quotient.

n. A muscular disk around the center of the eye which expands and contracts to allow more or less...

n. The process of being bombarded with electromagnetic particles. This usually refers to high-ene...

n. One of Carl Jung's basic types of people, which includes both intuitive and sensing types and ...

n. The idea that physical and temporal occurrences are not reversible. This derives from the seco...

n. (IBS) A functional disorder of the colon characterized by pain and bloating sensations and oft...

► See ITEM RESPONSE THEORY

n. Insufficient blood supply to an organ or tissue due to abnormalities in the blood vessels irri...

n. Cortical area in the brain deep in the lateral (Sylvian) fissure, overlying the extreme capsul...

n. The six cell layers which cover most of the visible brain; it is the most recently evolved par...

n. 1. The state of being alone. 2. In psychoanalysis, the process of preventing disruptive though...

n. 1. In psychoanalysis, the process of detaching the emotional component from a memory and parti...

n. A defense mechanism whereby the individual wards off unwanted emotion by separating it from hi...

n. 1. A perfect correspondence or match among all the parts of two or more physical bodies, mathe...

n. An equal-loudness contour in which the set of coincidences among different aspects of sound ar...

adj. 1. Of or relating to two or more muscles which are equally tense at a given moment. 2. Of or...

n. A process of evaluating the psychometric characteristics of a set of items, usually in order t...

n. In psychometrics, consistent error in measurement by an item in a scale. All scales contain so...

n. The proportion of the population which responds correctly to an item.

n. A numerical measure of the degree to which persons who are high and low on a characteristic be...

n. The degree to which people give the same response to an item when they answer at different times.

n. A graphical representation of an item response function in item response theory which is a mat...

n. An area of psychometrics that creates mathematical models of people’s responses to items as a ...

n. The degree to which an item measures what it is intended to measure. This is measured in attit...