R

n. An inexact method of grouping people by ancestry whose categories vary from one locale to anot...

n. Race-based rejection sensitivity (RS-race) is defined as a psychological process wherein a per...

n. Concerns about race bias in testing are centered on the fact that specific ethnic groups consi...

n. A set of negative attitudes and beliefs about a group of people believed to constitute a race ...

n. 1. Any difference attributed to groups of people identified as a race and believed to be held ...

n. Racial identity is a sense of collective identity based on an individual's perception of share...

n. An irrational belief that some group of people identified as a race is in many ways inferior t...

n. An experimental apparatus often used in learning experiments with mice and rats in which there...

n. A process of deciding which subject or group in a study is included in which treatment conditi...

n. In statistics, a model in which it is assumed that the differences within groups on the variab...

n. Unpredictable variability in scores with no known cause which tends to fall into a normal curv...

n. Any experimental variable whose levels are selected by a chance procedure within the experimen...

n. Any group of subjects selected by a chance process from a larger population of potential subje...

n. A process of assignment of subjects or treatments by means of a chance process so that there i...

n. An experimental design in which subjects are selected on the basis of a variable or variables ...

n. An experiment in which subjects are assigned by a chance process to treatment groups without e...

n. A columnar presentation of numbers, usually of a fixed number of digits, which have been selec...

n. A set of items or individuals drawn from a larger population in which each member of the large...

n. 1. In statistics, the difference between the highest and the lowest number in a set of numbers...

n. An index of the degree of relationship between two variables that consist of rank orderings. A...

n. An index of the degree of relationship between two variables that consist of rank orderings. A...

n. Any group of numbers arranged by order of magnitude.

n. The ideas and theories of Otto Rank (1884–1939), who supposed that each individual is a creati...

n. A list arranged according to the ordinal position of each item in relation to other items. Com...

n. An index of the degree of relationship between two variables that consist of rank orderings. A...

n. A group of neuron clusters in the brainstem connecting the two halves of the medulla oblongata...

n. A quick, unpredictable movement in which the two eyes are coordinated as if they were looking ...

n. A sense of mutual understanding and communicative openness between two or more people. Rapport...

n. The concept that humans continually improve on improvements, that they do not go backward or r...

n. A measurement scale using categories or descriptive phrases to represent quantitative values; ...

n. A device intended to allow a subject to express his or her judgment numerically or spatially a...

n. Test item format that provides a list of response options, characteristics, or target behavior...

n. The original meaning of intelligence quotient, which was a summation of ability scores from wh...

n. (REBT) A therapy in which it is assumed that thoughts, emotions, and behavior are aspects of a...

n. A therapy in which it is assumed that thoughts, emotions, and behavior are aspects of an integ...

n. The quality or state of being guided by logical thought.

n. An approach to understanding human judgment in which it is recognized that completely working ...

n. A defense mechanism whereby the individual uses complicated (often circuitous) explanations in...

n. A procedure in training in which a predetermined proportion of target behaviors are rewarded. ...

n. A quantitative scale including all three key scale properties: magnitude, equal intervals, and...

n. A test of intelligence designed by John Raven which is intended to be fair to persons of diffe...

n. Any piece of information in research in its original form before it is summarized, normalized,...

n. A numerical result from a measurement in the first form in which it is recorded before it is s...

n. A numerical index of the degree a target variable can be predicted by two or more predictor va...

n. The idea that in many circumstances people will seek to avoid having their choices or options ...

n. A primitive defense mechanism in which the individual covers up painful unconscious realities ...

n. The time which elapses between the onset of a stimulus and the behavioral reaction to it. Also...

n. In Hull's learning theory, the probability that a particular stimulus will be followed by a pa...

n. The time which elapses between the onset of a stimulus and the behavioral reaction to it. Also...

n. An age-inappropriate and markedly disturbed pattern of social relating in children under 5 yea...

n. A state of mind characterized by negative mood, low energy, loss of interest in usual activiti...

n. 1. The degree to which an object of study is affected by the process of being studied. 2. In p...

n. Any conflict which occurs when there are two or more groups competing for limited resources. T...

n. The process or capacity to know the original source of remembered information and to discrimin...

n. In psychoanalysis, the governing process of the ego, which monitors the external world and att...

1. n. The capacity to think with normative rationality. 2. n. A motive or explanation for a decis...

n. The theory of reasoned action (TRA) is a model for the prediction of people's behavior from kn...

n. 1. Thinking in a linear and logical manner to draw conclusions from facts or the classificatio...

n. A change in the opposite direction as a previous change in behavior or other process which occ...

1. v. To remember specific information, as opposed to recognizing appropriate choices when they a...

n. The process of assigning a new classification to a thing or event. This is important in creati...

n. (ROC) In signal detection theory, the relative proportion of correct identifications (hits) an...

n. The fact that it is easier to remember information recently learned than that learned a longer...

n. A region in space from which energy or stimulation is likely to result in a reaction in the ne...

n. Any cell in a sensory system that converts the energy of a stimulus into neural excitation. Th...

n. A change in the electric potential across the membrane of a sensory receptor resulting from a ...

n. An area on a nerve or other cell that is chemically configured to interact with particular che...

n. A segment of DNA which encodes for a particular trait that is expressed only if both chromosom...

n. An inherited characteristic that appears in the phenotype only if it is inherited from both pa...

n. The tendency or rate at which a convicted criminal is convicted of a new offense or a disease ...

n. The proportion of convicted criminals who are convicted of a new offense or the proportion of ...

n. A form of relationship in which one individual helps in a way that is more beneficial to the i...

Definition. n. Reciprocal determinism is a concept involving three factors: a person's behavior, ...

n. 1. In behavior therapy, a technique for getting rid of an unwanted behavior by substituting a ...

n. A therapeutic technique for getting rid of an unwanted behavior by substituting a different an...

n. 1. In neo-Jungian psychology, the idea that everything expresses itself as two polar opposites...

n. The idea that the magnitude of a sensation is equal to the intensity of a stimulus multiplied ...

n. 1. In memory, the capacity to know that a particular stimulus has been previously learned when...

n. The capacity to know that a particular stimulus has been previously learned when presented wit...

n. Reconstructive memory is the process by which we recall the past, assembling the past each tim...

n. A memory, often traumatic, which has been recalled after not having been recalled for a long p...

n. 1. The process of enlisting participants. 2. In perception, the increase in the number of neur...

n. A form of color blindness in which red and green are not separated and which is usually caused...

n. The process of classifying all phenomena in a limited set of categories, usually in an attempt...

n. A dismissive term for psychoanalytic interpretations which causally explain in terms of uncons...

n. Any group of people used as a mental reference frame for making judgments by an individual. Mo...

n. The idea that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scale...

n. 1. The storage of general information not tied to specific events such as how many stars are i...

n. 1. An experimental situation used in psycholinguistic and communications studies in which a su...

n. An automatic, largely fixed response to a limited range of stimuli that is not learned and typ...

n. The neural circuit involved in reflexes usually composed of sensory nerves connecting to the s...

n. A reflexive response in the presence of a stimulus which did not originally evoke the response...

n. 1. A short and variable period of time after orgasm in which sexual desire is not present and ...

n. In statistics, the area of a frequency distribution of scores beyond the minimum that will lea...

n. 1. Generally a going backward, as in returning to a less mature level of behavior or thought. ...

n. Any of several techniques of creating a linear model of prediction using one or more variables...

n. A numerical weight assigned to one predictor variable in a regression equation.

n. A type of polynomial regression that uses a linear model to fit a regression line to a curved ...

n. A formal mathematical description of the use of weighted variables to predict another variable...

n. Any of several techniques of creating a linear model of prediction using one or more variables...

n. 1. The tendency of an observation to be closer to the mean of a population than a prediction o...

n. A numerical index of the relative importance of one variable in a linear regression to the val...

Definition. n. Regret is a negative emotional state predicated on an upward, self-focused counter...

n. Nonverbal behaviors that are used to regulate the flow of speech in a conversation, such as to...

n. Regulatory focus theory proposes that two distinct regulatory systems have developed to deal w...

n. 1. A practice period for an approaching performance or test in which the material to be perfor...

n. 1. In general, anything that strengthens something else. 2. In classical conditioning, the pre...

n. A reward or plan for rewarding that is conditional on something else, usually a particular set...

n. A plan for providing reward for target behavior in which a reward is provided for each instanc...

n. A technique in learning in which the frequency of some behaviors is increased by associating t...

n. The observation that the closer in time a reward is to a response, the more likely the respons...

n. Rewards in which not every occurrence of a target behavior is rewarded. There are many ways of...

n. A plan for increasing the likelihood of a particular behavior by providing a reward every time...

n. A plan for increasing the likelihood of a target behavior by removing a noxious stimulus when ...

n. A state in which the occurrence of rewards is unrelated to the behavior of an organism. This c...

n. A plan for increasing the likelihood of a target behavior by associating it with a reward in t...

n. A plan for increasing the likelihood of a target behavior by rewarding a predetermined proport...

n. In learning theory, a plan for which target responses will be rewarded. The most common schedu...

n. A form of rewarding particular behaviors through positive interpersonal interactions such as r...

n. Any coherent set of ideas attempting to explain the relationships between behavior and reward.

n. Anything which can be used to increase or decrease the likelihood of the appearance of a behav...

n. A response in the presence of a stimulus which did not originally evoke the response but which...

n. The removal or prevention of an aversive stimulus which either is contingent upon a particular...

n. Anything which increases the likelihood of a behavior which immediately precedes the appearanc...

n. Anything which increases the likelihood of a behavior which immediately precedes the appearanc...

n. Anything that can be used to increase or decrease the likelihood of the appearance of a behavi...

n. Rejection sensitivity (RS) is a cognitiveaffective processing disposition to expect rejection ...

n. 1. An emotional bond between people in which each person's actions affect the other and partic...

n. 1. Any of numerous techniques for healing psychological discomfort or disorder in which the in...

n. The subjective perception that the amount of a desirable resource a person has is less than is...

n. The frequency of a disease or disorder in a group with a risk factor relative to those without...

n. The use of progressive relaxation or similar techniques as a method of treating anxiety and ot...

n. Any program in which a person is taught to relax his/her entire body by focusing on and then r...

n. A set of stimuli that can serve to initiate a fixed action pattern in animals of a particular ...

n. The degree to which a measure of a psychological characteristic gives similar results under di...

n. The level of a test's measurement error determined by examining the consistency of the scores ...

n. A numeric index which reflects the stability of a test score or the relative proportion of tru...

n. The level of a test's measurement error attributed to differences in the ratings, scores, or o...

n. The relative stability of answers to a particular item in a scale.

n. The level of a test's measurement error determined by examining the consistency of the scores ...

n. The process of selecting groups to gather information in order to estimate the consistency of ...

n. A measure of the consistency with which a device measures a particular variable. The most impo...

n. The level of a test's measurement error determined by examining the consistency of the scores ...

n. The degree to which a scale measures consistently across time. This is usually measured in psy...

▶ See TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

▶ See RELIGION, PSYCHOLOGY OF

n. Psychology of religion is the discipline that studies religion and religious phenomena using p...

n. Any tightly held set of religious beliefs that refer to some limited set of writings or ideas ...

n. (rapid eye movement) A quick, unpredictable movement in which the two eyes are coordinated as ...

n. 1. The act or process of bringing to consciousness previous experiences or information. 2. The...

n. The calling to mind of previous experience, usually of long past times and usually with a sens...

n. The tendency for both the proportion and total amount of time spent in rapid eye movement slee...

n. A period of relatively light sleep characterized by quick, unpredictable movement of the eyes ...

n. A statistical method for determining whether differences between two or more measurements of t...

n. The tendency of subjects being presented with a series of very brief stimuli to be less likely...

n. The tendency to repeat unfinished or traumatic events in order to deal with them. The repetiti...

n. Repetition effect is facilitated (easier) processing resulting from repeated experience with a...

v. 1. To perform an experiment or other study again in order to assure that the results originall...

n. 1. The process of performing an experiment or other study again in order to assure that the re...

n. 1. The use of any one thing to stand for another thing. 2. In cognitive psychology, the mental...

n. A model of human decision making in which it is assumed people judge the likelihood that some ...

n. A sample that is selected to have characteristics similar to those of the larger target popula...

n. Representative sampling is a method of selecting members for a sample so that the relevant cha...

n. Any sequence of DNA whose replication has been blocked by the binding of a protein to an opera...

n. In psychoanalysis, any recollection which has been pushed into or kept in the unconscious by t...

n. 1. The forcible subjugation, exclusion, or checking of the progress of something by something ...

n. Any scale which measures the tendencies to react to stimuli classified as threatening by pushi...

n. An operator gene which acts to bind a protein to another operator gene so as to prevent the tr...

n. A formal theory describing classical conditioning in terms of the discrepancy between expectat...

n. Any attempt to investigate some aspect of the universe systematically, usually by employing th...

n. In statistics, the hypothesis that there is a difference between the means of different groups...

n. Any plan for systematically investigating some aspect of the universe, which usually employs t...

n. A drug derived from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant of Southeast Asia, which has been used to t...

Definitions The actual frequency with which individuals have changed their residence. It is kn...

1. n. In statistics, the difference between an observation and a prediction of the observation us...

n. A form of schizophrenia characterized by affective flattening, deficits in fluency of speech a...

n. 1. In general, the process of standing against, opposing, or withstanding something or someone...

n. The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, which is characterized by active coping w...

n. The degree to which nonreinforced behavior persists.

n. The acknowledgment or recognition of the worth of another person in relation to that person's ...

n. The learning theories of Ivan Pavlov in which only observable events such as stimulus conditio...

n. Any behavior which reliably occurs immediately after a stimulus or as a reaction to a stimulus.

n. A tendency to respond to questions or scale items in a particular way regardless of the conten...

n. A category of behaviors that are sorted into the same group by an observer, usually according ...

n. 1. In many learning theories, a situation in which a stimulus activates more than one response...

n. The process of learning to react differently to stimuli that differ only slightly through a pr...

n. 1. In learning theory, the observation that reinforcing some behaviors makes the likelihood of...

n. The order of a set of learned responses according to how likely they are to occur in the prese...

n. The time delay between a stimulus and a response, which can be used as a measure of the cognit...

n. The size, intensity, or duration of a response, which is often used as an indication of the st...

n. The relative frequency with which a given response occurs in a particular situation.

n. The frequency with which a particular response occurs within a given period.

n. 1. In psychometrics, a tendency to respond to the social desirability or demand characteristic...

n. A theoretical quantity which reflects the power of a bond between a stimulus and a response an...

n. In psychometrics, a tendency to select certain answers in a multiple-choice test or questionna...

n. The time delay between a stimulus and a response, which can be used as a measure of the cognit...

n. Responsibility attribution takes place when the perceiver holds an actor or a collection of in...

n. A state in which an individual perceives her/his own moral obligation or duty as less than usu...

n. The size of the difference in electrical potential between the negatively charged inside and p...

n. The observation that memory for a distinctive item in a series of items will generally be bett...

n. Significantly slowed or delayed intellectual development, which results in limitations in adap...

n. A slowing or inhibition of motor responses characterized by reduction in overall motor activit...

n. The portion of the small thick bundle of ascending and descending nerve fibers in the brainste...

n. A small but thick band of neurons and neural fibers in the brainstem which extends from the me...

n. Several layers of cells which line the inside back of the eye, including the rod and cone cell...

n. The difference in perception caused by the distance between the two eyes, which is used as a c...

n. The inverted image formed on the back of the retina by light reflected from the visual scene u...

n. Retributive justice is a theory of criminal justice in which the criminal has created an imbal...

n. The process of finding and taking back something. In memory storage, it is the process of find...

n. Environmental information that facilitates the retrieval of particular stored information. Thu...

n. A memory link formed by presenting a neutral stimulus after an unconditioned stimulus. This se...

n. Increased performance on a task after learning a different but related task at a later time.

n. Decreased performance on a task after learning a different but related task or other material ...

n. Inhibition of the recollection or use of previously learned material after learning new material.

n. Defect in retrieving old memories. The individual who has retrograde amnesia becomes unable to...

n. A systematic examination of historical events seeking to explain the present situation in term...

n. In psychoanalysis, the idea that there is conservation of energy in the id such that no impuls...

n. The process of removing and storing molecules of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, wh...

n. A process of relearning in a discrimination learning task when the contingencies of reinforcem...

n. An ambiguous figure which most people can perceive as either of two objects and which tends to...

1. v. To provide something of value to a person or animal that has behaved in a desirable way. 2....

n. A photoreactive chemical found in retinal rods which changes shape when struck by a photon of ...

n. The third and rearmost of the bulges in the human embryonic brain, which develops into the cer...

n. The rhythm of an utterance is the way its constituent parts are timed with respect to each oth...

n. (RNA) A complex acidic chain of proteins in the nucleus of living cells that is necessary for ...

n. Tiny particles inside all living cells containing proteins and RNA which are the sites for pro...

n. 1. Resistance to change as in difficulty bending at the joint. 2. A character trait which lead...

n. The Japanese process of decision making, which involves circulating a proposal among all peopl...

n. 1. The likelihood that a negative event will occur, as in the risk of getting lung cancer if o...

n. The tendency to avoid choices that entail a probability of aversive consequences regardless of...

n. The observation that an individual is usually more willing to act in a manner that entails a c...

n. Methylphenidate hydrochloride is a central nervous system stimulant, which works by stimulatin...

n. 1. Repeated actions that are intended to ward off or undo past actions or situations, which ar...

n. A form of relationship in which two or more individuals act as if the others are antagonists i...

n. Ribonucleic acid, a complex acidic chain of proteins in the nucleus of living cells that is ne...

n. A study carried out by Muzafer Sherif in which groups of 11-year-old boys were first put in gr...

n. An elongated kind of light receptor cell in the back of the retina which is concentrated in th...

n. An experimental apparatus used to measure people's accuracy in judging spatial orientation wit...

n. Visual perception without the participation of cone cells in the retina, which is typically th...

adj. Of or relating to Carl Rogers, his ideas, or the client-centered therapy he developed, which...

▶ See CENTRAL FISSURE

n. A state of being in which an organism experiences conflict between contrary behavioral pattern...

n. A measure of the content of an individual's repertory of role constructs, which are the unique...

n. An esteemed person, group, or imagined or fictional character that a person attempts to imitat...

n. 1. Acting out the behavior characteristic of emotionally significant people in one's life in a...

n. 1. A technique used to help individuals understand social interactions better, in which each p...

n. A change in the social role appropriate to an individual as a worker experiences when he/she r...

n. An often painful process of physical manipulation developed by Ida Rolf in which a person's ha...

n. 1. A relationship involving emotional connection which has a sexual and a passionate aspect. 2...

n. Romantic love is a historical construction, originally associated with knighthood and chivalry...

n. An unlearned, automatic relatively fixed response in newborn infants in which they turn their ...

n. The result of a process in which the mean of a set of numbers is subtracted from each number a...

n. A personality test in which the subject is presented with inkblots and asked, “What might this...

n. The Rosenthal effect, named after the psychologist Robert Rosenthal and sometimes referred to ...

n. A test of characteristic modes of responding to frustration. It consists of 24 cartoon drawing...

adj. Of, relating to, or situated toward the beak or anterior part of an organism or an organ.

n. A task for measuring hand-eye coordination in which a subject is required to follow the moveme...

n. 1. The turning of an object about one of its axes. 2. In statistics, the movement of a mathema...

n. The turning of a mental image on one of its axes. An experimental task in which subjects are a...

n. Memorization through repetition and reproduction without regard to the meaning of the material...

n. Learning to repeat information without errors and without regard to its content, as in learnin...

n. A round membrane-covered opening in the cochlea at the border with the middle ear, which trans...

n. A numerical index of the proportion of total variance of a variable predicted or shared by two...

n. An ambiguous figure that is easily perceived as a goblet or as the profiles of two identical f...

n. A nerve tract that carries messages from the red nucleus in the brain to the spinal cord throu...

n. One kind of sensory nerve ending in hairy human skin and near the fingernails, which is believ...

n. The process of inferring regularities in experience, which can be applied as local laws of occ...

n. 1. Pondering or contemplating ideas or memories for a longer period than is normal. Excessive ...

Definition. n. Rumor is unverified information in circulation among people attempting to make sen...

n. A mathematical function R ~ i × a, where R is the intensity of a rumor, i is the importance of...

n. In statistics, a test of the randomness of a sequence of binary or dichotomous data in which t...

n. 1. A straight alley maze or a long straightaway in a maze. 2. A paved landing strip for aircraft.